EARLY NORMAN PERIOD 

The Normans arrived in Ireland in 1169 at the invitation of Dermot MacMurrough,
deposed king of Leinster. They quickly established themselves as overlords in
Eastern Ireland.

For these Early Normans, a castle was
a status symbol as well as being a
military strong point - it was built to be
seen from afar. 

Gleaming white, and built on a hill, the
whitewashed residence of the feudal
lord stood out in the landscape,
emphasising his dominance of the
social and military scene.

Lime-wash had been used in Ireland
from at least the 8th century.

An imposing gatehouse, reflecting the
lord's importance and personality, gave
entry to the bailey. The principal
buildings within were the hall where 

the lord ate in public, held council, or delivered justice, the chamber block where the
lord resided, the granary and the chapel. 

From the Bailey a wooden footbridge led into the tower, the last line of defence. 
In the event of an attack the footbridge would be destroyed to prevent enemy access.

This castle is based on ones found in Britain and Western Europe, as there are very few
to be found in Ireland. Instead, they used wooden towers on top of large earthen
mounds, known as Mottes, or fortified their strongholds by means of high palisaded
earthen banks surrounded by deep ditches.

The reconstruction shown above, is situated below an important archaeological site -
the first Norman stronghold in Ireland. The ditch still survives. This site was constructed in Wexford by Robert Fitzstephen, in 1169/1170.
The original ditch, cut out of rock, was up to 7 metres wide and 2 metres deep in
places. 

No definite structures were found, but there was a lot of habitation refuse discovered,
including animal and fish bones, shells, 13th pottery and two silver pennies dating from
the reign of King Henry III.